LOCATION KALAMAZOO MI+IN WIEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Kalamazoo loam - on a 1 percent slope in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 11 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak medium granular structure; friable; common fine roots; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. (6 to 11 inches thick)
Bw--11 to 16 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) material in pores and wormholes; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 6 inches thick)
Bt1--16 to 20 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; thin continuous dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) clay films on faces of peds; few fine roots; 1 percent gravel; neutral; gradual wavy boundary.
Bt2--20 to 30 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; thin continuous dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) clay films on faces of peds; few fine roots; about 1 percent gravel; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. (The combined thickness of the Bt1 and Bt2 horizons ranges from 8 to 30 inches.)
Bt3--30 to 38 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; thin discontinuous dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) clay films on faces of peds; about 5 percent gravel; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. ( 5 to 15 inches thick)
2BC1--38 to 42 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) loamy coarse sand; massive; friable; about 10 percent gravel; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary.
2BC2--42 to 55 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) gravelly loamy sand; massive; friable; about 20 percent gravel; neutral; gradual wavy boundary.
2C--55 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) gravelly sand; single grain; loose; about 20 percent gravel; slight effervescence; slightly alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Kalamazoo County, Michigan; about 1 mile south and 4 miles west of the village of Scotts; 115 feet east and 635 feet north of the southwest corner, sec. 28, T. 3 S., R. 10 W.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness and depth to calcareous material ranges from 40 to 60 inches. The depth to the sandy discontinuity ranges from 25 to 40 inches. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to neutral above the calcareous material. Coarse fragments range from 0 to 20 percent by volume in the solum.
The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 or 3. Uncultivated areas have an A horizon, 2 to 6 inches thick, that has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 or 3. Some pedons have an E horizon, 1 to 6 inches thick, that has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 or 3. The A and E horizons are loam, silt loam, or sandy loam.
The Bt horizons have hue of 10YR, 7.5YR, or 5YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. They are clay loam, sandy clay loam, loam, sandy loam, or gravelly analogues of these textures. The upper 20 inches of the argillic horizon averages between 18 and 35 percent clay but is predominantly about 27 percent. The lower part of the argillic is coarse-loamy material greater than 5 inches thick.
The 2BC horizons have hue of 10YR, 7.5YR, or 5YR, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 6. They are loamy sand, loamy coarse sand, or sand with gravelly or very gravelly analogues of these textures. Some pedons have thin bands of sandy loam. The lower part is slightly alkaline in some pedons.
The 2C horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is sand, coarse sand, gravelly sand, or stratified sand and gravel. Some pedons have thin bands of loamy sand or sandy loam. Gravel content ranges from 0 to 60 percent by volume. It is slightly or moderately alkaline.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Amanda, Belmont, Belmore, Chenult, Chili, Coggon, Conestoga, Douds, El Dara, Gallman, Grellton, Hayden, Hebron, Hickory, High Gap, Hollinger, Kanawha, Kendallville, Kidder, Kosciusko, LeRoy, Letort, Lindley, Mandeville, Martinsville, McHenry, Miami, Mifflin, Military, Nodine, Norden, Ockley, Owosso, Pecatonica, Princeton, Rainsville, Rawson, Relay, Renova, Richland, Riddles, Sisson, Skelton, Strawn, Summitville, Theresa, Wawasee, Westville, Whalan, Woodbine, and Wykoff series. The Amanda, Belmont, Chenault, Coggon, Conestoga, Douds, El Dara, Gallman, Grellton, Hayden, Hebron, Hickory, High Gap, Hollinger, Kanawha, Kidder, LeRoy, Letort, Lindley, Mandeville, Martinsville, McHenry, Miami, Mifflin, Military, Nodine, Norden, Owosso, Pecatonica, Rainsville, Rawson, Relay, Renova, Richland, Riddles, Roseville, Sisson, Skelton, Strawn, Summitville, Theresa, Wawasee, Westville, Whalan, Woodbine, and Wykoff soils do not have loamy sand or coarser textures within a depth of 60 inches. Belmore soils have silt loam and sandy loam strata in the C horizon. Chili soils do not contain free carbonates within depths of 60 inches. Kendallville soils have loam or clay loam till within a depth of 60 inches. Kosciusko soils contain more than 20 percent gravel in the solum. Ockley soils do not have gravelly loamy sand or loamy sand within 40 inches. Princeton soils have C horizons of very fine sand, fine sand, or silt.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Kalamazoo soils formed in loamy outwash overlying sand, loamy sand, or sand and gravel outwash on outwash plains, terraces, valley trains, and low lying moraines. Slope gradients range from 0 to 18 percent. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 29 to 37 inches and mean annual temperature from 47 to 53 degrees F.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Boyer, Dowagiac, Matherton, Oshtemo, Sebewa, Sunfield, and Volinia soils. Moderately well drained Sunfield, somewhat poorly drained Matherton, and very poorly drained Sebewa soils are the most common associates. Also associated are the Volinia and Dowagiac soils which are Mollisols. The coarser textured Oshtemo and Boyer are associated in some areas.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. Runoff is slow on the level areas and rapid on the steeper slopes. Permeability is moderate in the upper loamy materials and rapid in the lower sandy materials.
USE AND VEGETATION: A large part is cropped to corn, wheat, soybeans, and hay. A small part is in pasture. Some areas adjacent to the larger cities are idle cropland. The native vegetation was northern red oak and hickory forests.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Michigan and northern Indiana. The series is of large extent.
MLRA OFFICE RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Kalamazoo County, Michigan, 1978.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: ochric epipedon - the zone from the surface to 11 inches (Ap horizon); argillic horizon - the zone from 16 to 38 inches (Bt1, Bt2, and Bt3 horizons).