uid=KBS,o=lter,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=orgalluid=sbohm,o=lter,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=orgallpublicreadhttps://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datasets/5.emlNicholasHaddadMichigan State University

3700 E Gull Lake DriveHickory Corners49060US

haddad@kbs.msu.edu0000-0002-1591-9322SvenBohmMichigan State University

3700 East Gull Lake DriveHickory CornersMI49060US

(269) 205-3821(269 )671-2333bohms@msu.edu0000-0002-6224-7848principal contactG.RobertsonMichigan State University

3700 East Gull Lake DriveHickory CornersMI49060US

(269) 760-8364(269)671-2351robert30@msu.edu0000-0001-9771-9895original investigatorTimothyBergsma

24 Michelle LaneWindsorCT06095USA

(860) 683-8433tbergsma02@kbs.msu.eduoriginal investigatorKevinKahmarkMichigan State University

3700 East Gull Lake DriveHickory CornersMI49060US

269-671-2330kahmark@msu.eduprincipal contact2026-05-20

original data source http://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datasets/5

LTERKBSKellogg Biological StationHickory CornersMichiganGreat LakesweathertemperaturerainprecipitationDisturbanceLTER Core Research Areaweather temperature moisture wind humidity light PAR rainfallfarmingbiotahttps://apps.usgs.gov/thesaurus/thesaurus-full.php?thcode=15Data in the KBS LTER core database may not be published without written permission of the lead investigator or project director. These restrictions are intended mainly to preserve the primary investigators' rights to first publication and to ensure that data users are aware of the limitations that may be associated with any specific data set. These restrictions apply to both the baseline data set and to the data sets associated with specific LTER-supported subprojects.All publications of KBS data and images must acknowledge KBS LTER support.The areas around the Kellogg Biological Station in southwest Michigan-85.404699-85.36685742.42026542.3910191941-06-012025-09-14Kellogg Biological StationData Managerlter.data.manager@kbs.msu.eduhttp://lter.kbs.msu.edu02vkce854KBS LTERIn addition to weekly maintenance, certain additional tasks must be performed on a yearly basis, such as replacing/recalibrating sensors.Data Managerhttp://lter.kbs.msu.edu/protocols/10Campbell Scientific sensors are connected to a CR10x datalogger, which takes readings every 10 seconds and stores hourly integrated values. Temperature is measured by a model 107 temperature probe, housed in a vented shield, at 3 meters. Wind speed is measured by a model 014A, wind direction by model 024A. The wind sensors are mounted at 10 meters. The HMP35C RH meter was replaced in October 2001 with HMP45C. The quantum sensor is model LI190S. The pyranometer is LI200S. Light and humidity sensors are mounted at 3 meters. Leaf wetness is measured at 1 meter above the ground. In 2006 the CR10x was replaced with a CR1000 datalogger. In 2010 the Belford rainfall gauge was replaced with a NOAH IV gauge. See field logs for calibration dates, etc.Data Managerhttp://lter.kbs.msu.edu/protocols/8 Sampling Frequency: Hourly Soil temperature data is collected automatically using Campbell Scientific and Onset dataloggers . Soil temperature readings are collected at the LTER weather station using a CR10datalogger with cs107b temperature sensors . The sensors are placed horizontally at1, 4.5, and 11 cm below the surface under bare soil and alfalfa cover . Soil temperature within the plots and at remote locations are measured with Onset Stowaway and Hobo dataloggers using external sensors placed vertically at 4.5 cm from the surface . Data Managerhttp://lter.kbs.msu.edu/protocols/9Precipitation is measured using a Belfort Weighing Bucket Preciptiation Gauge. Staff checks the gauge weekly, changing the chart and emptying the bucket as necessary. During the winter, antifreeze (ethylene glycol solution) is added to the bucket, which serves to melt snow and protect the bucket. The paper chart is changed weekly, and read by staff in units of 1/20th of one inch. Database algorythms convert readings to mm. A date is midnight to midnight local time, either Eastern Standard Time or Eastern Daylight Time. During the visit to the station, other sensors are inspected.Data Managerhttp://lter.kbs.msu.edu/protocols/7programNational Science Foundationhttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000001DEB 2224712https%3A%2F%2Fnsf.gov%2Fawardsearch%2FshowAward%3FAWD_ID%3D2224712%26HistoricalAwards%3Dfalsehttps://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/7Kellogg Biological Station LTER: LTER Weather Station - Daily Precip and Air Temp (KBS002-001)A synthetic weather record drawn largely from the LTER Weather station but supplemented with data from nearby stations for completeness.LTER+Weather+Station+-+Daily+Precip+and+Air+Temp.csvNone291\ncolumn,no"\https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/7.csvdatedate of observationYYYY-MM-DD11987-4-18precipitationliquid-equivalent depth of precipitation for the datemillimeter1.0realflag_precipfirst letter only, representing: Good, Questionable, Missing, Estimated, or Tracefirst letter only, representing: Good, Questionable, Missing, Estimated, or Traceair_temp_meanmean air temperature, average of all hourly meanscelsius1.0realflag_air_temp_meanfirst letter only, representing: Good, Questionable, Missing, or Estimatedfirst letter only, representing: Good, Questionable, Missing, or Estimatedair_temp_maxmaximum air temperature, highest of all hourly maximacelsius1.0realflag_air_temp_maxfirst letter only, representing: Good, Questionable, Missing, or Estimatedfirst letter only, representing: Good, Questionable, Missing, or Estimatedair_temp_minminimum air temperature, lowest of all hourly minimacelsius1.0realflag_air_temp_minfirst letter only, representing: Good, Questionable, Missing, or Estimatedfirst letter only, representing: Good, Questionable, Missing, or Estimatedyearyear in which the date occursYYYY11987-4-18https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/12Kellogg Biological Station LTER: LTER Weather Station - Daily Weather- All Variates (KBS002-006)A synthetic weather record drawn largely from the LTER Weather station but supplemented with data from nearby stations for completeness. KBS002-006 is a superset of KBS002-001.LTER+Weather+Station+-+Daily+Weather-+Al+Variates.csvNone471\ncolumn,no"\https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/12.csvdatedate of observationYYYY-MM-DD11987-4-18precipitationliquid-equivalent depth of precipitation for the datemillimeter1.0realflag_precipquality flag, first letter only, representing: Good, Questionable, Missing, Estimated, or Tracequality flag, first letter only, representing: Good, Questionable, Missing, Estimated, or TraceAir_temp_meanmean air temperature, average of all hourly meanscelsius1.0realFlag_Air_Temp_Meanquality flag, first letter only, representing: Good, Questionable, Missing, or Estimatedquality flag, first letter only, representing: Good, Questionable, Missing, or Estimatedair_temp_maxmaximum air temperature, highest of all hourly maximacelsius1.0realflag_air_temp_maxquality flag, first letter only, representing: Good, Questionable, Missing, or Estimatedquality flag, first letter only, representing: Good, Questionable, Missing, or EstimatedAir_Temp_Minminimum air temperature, lowest of all hourly minimacelsius1.0realFlag_Air_Temp_Minquality flag, first letter only, representing: Good, Questionable, Missing, or Estimatedquality flag, first letter only, representing: Good, Questionable, Missing, or EstimatedAir_Pressureaverage daily air pressuremillibarrealFlag_Air_Pressurequality flag, first letter only, representing: Good, Questionable, Missing, or Estimatedquality flag, first letter only, representing: Good, Questionable, Missing, or EstimatedRHaverage daily relative humidity, calculated at the datalogger from absolute humidity and temperaturenumberrealFlag_RHquality flag, first letter only, representing: Good, Questionable, Missing, or Estimatedquality flag, first letter only, representing: Good, Questionable, Missing, or EstimatedAHaverage daily absolute humidity, partial pressurekilopascalrealFlag_AHquality flag, first letter only, representing: Good, Questionable, Missing, or Estimatedquality flag, first letter only, representing: Good, Questionable, Missing, or EstimatedWind_Speed_Meanaverage daily wind speedmetersPerSecondrealFlag_Wind_Speedquality flag, first letter only, representing: Good, Questionable, Missing, or Estimatedquality flag, first letter only, representing: Good, Questionable, Missing, or EstimatedWind_Direction_Meanaverage daily wind direction, weighted by wind speeddegree1.0realFlag_Wind_Dirquality flag, first letter only, representing: Good, Questionable, Missing, or Estimatedquality flag, first letter only, representing: Good, Questionable, Missing, or EstimatedSolar_Radiationaverage daily solar radiation, including nightwattsPerSquareMeterrealFlag_Sol_Radquality flag, first letter only, representing: Good, Questionable, Missing, or Estimatedquality flag, first letter only, representing: Good, Questionable, Missing, or EstimatedPARphotosynthetically active radiation (400-700 nm), daily average, including nightmicroEinsteinPerMeterSquaredPerSecondrealFlag_Parquality flag, first letter only, representing: Good, Questionable, Missing, or Estimatedquality flag, first letter only, representing: Good, Questionable, Missing, or Estimatedsoil_temp_5_cm_bare_avgaverage soil temperature betwen 0 and 5 cm on the bare soil plotcelsiusrealsoil_temp_5_cm_sod_avgaverage soil temperature betwen 0 and 5 cm on the sod covered plotcelsiusrealYearyear in which the date occursYYYY11987-4-18https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/13Kellogg Biological Station LTER: LTER Weather Station - Raw Hourly Weather (KBS002-007)Raw hourly observations from the LTER weather station. These data are not checked.LTER+Weather+Station+-+Raw+Hourly+Weather.csvNone321\ncolumn,no"\https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/13.csvdatetime_utcdate and hour of the observation in UTCYYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss -hhmm11987-4-18PAR_AVGphotosynthetically active radiationmicroEinsteinPerMeterSquaredPerSecondrealSolRad_AVGsolar radiationwattsPerSquareMeterrealWIND_SPEEDwind speedmetersPerSecondrealWIND_DIRECTIONwind direction (0-360 degrees) weighted by wind speeddegreerealRHrelative humidity (measured with an HMP45C)pascalPerHectoPascalrealAHabsolute humidity (measured with an HMP45C)kilopascalrealAirTmp_107_avgair temperature at 2 meters (measured with a Campbell 107 temperature probe)celsiusrealBarometer_AVGbarometermillibarrealrain_mmPrecipitation as measured by the tipping bucket raingauge. This is not accurate when the temperature is below freezing.millimeterrealhttps://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/247Kellogg Biological Station LTER: Annual Temperature and Precipitation (KBS002-008)This is a summation of the daily temperature and precipitation datasetAnual+Temperature+and+Precipitation.csvNone241\ncolumn,no"\https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/247.csvYearyear that is summarisedYYYY11987-4-18Precipitationamount of precipitation recordedmillimeterrealAir_Temp_Meanaverage temperaturecelsiusrealAir_temp_maxmaximum temperature recordedcelsiusrealAir_temp_minminimum temperature recordedcelsiusrealhttps://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/155Kellogg Biological Station LTER: LTER Weather Station - Daily Wind Speed and Direction (KBS002-010)Mean arithmetic wind speed and direction at 10 meters, located at the KBS LTER weather station (42.408537, -85.373637)LTER+Weather+Station+-+Daily+Wind+Sped+and+Direction.csvNone221\ncolumn,no"\https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/155.csvdateobservation dateYYYY-MM-DD11987-4-18wind_speed_meanmean wind speedmetersPerSecond0.1realwind_direction_meanmean wind directiondegree0.1realhttps://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/392Kellogg Biological Station LTER: GLBRC Intensive Site Rainfall (KBS002-012)Rainfall has been measured on the GLBRC BCSE (Biofuel Cropping System Experiment) site since 2012-8-16. The station uses a heated Texas Electronics TR-525M tipping bucket. Data are collected hourly and aggregated by day. The tipping bucket is located at the edge of G5R1 and does not have a lot of free space around it. A more reliable precipitation record can be found at the LTER Weather station] located about 1 mile north of the BCSE site.GLBRC+Intensive+Site+Rainfal.csvNone211\ncolumn,no"\https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/392.csvdatetimeDate of the observationYYYY-MM-DD11987-4-18rain_mmrainfall in mmmillimeterrealhttps://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/448Kellogg Biological Station LTER: Monthly precipitation and air temperature (KBS002-013)A compilation of the daily weather observations over months. Monthly+precipitation+and+air+temperature.csvNone251\ncolumn,no"\https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/448.csvyearthe year of the observationthe year of the observationmonththe month number. 1 = January, 2 = February, etc.the month number. 1 = January, 2 = February, etc.precipitationtotal precipitation millimeterrealair_temp_meanthe mean air temperaturecelsiusrealair_temp_maxthe maximum air temperature during the monthcelsiusrealair_temp_minthe minimum air temperature during the monthcelsiusrealhttps://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/561Kellogg Biological Station LTER: LTER Weather Station - Air Temperature and Wind speed maximums and minimums (KBS002-014)Daily maximum and minimum temperatures and maximum wind gusts are recorded in this datatable.LTER+Weather+Station+-+Air+Temperature+and+Wind+sped+maximums+and+minimums.csvNone231\ncolumn,no"\https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datatables/561.csvdateDate of observationYYYY-MM-DD11987-4-18air_temp_107_maxMaximum daily air temperature measured with a Campbell 107 probe at 3 meterscelsiusrealair_temp_107_minMinimum daily air temperature measured with a Campbell 107 probe at 3 meterscelsiusrealwind_speed_max_10_mMaximum wind gust observed at 10 meters.metersPerSecondreal@article{citation_3240, author = {C L Lauber and K S Ramirez and Z Aanderud and J Lennon and N Fierer}, title = {Temporal variability in soil microbial communities across land-use types}, year = {2013}, journal = {ISME Journal}, pages = {1641-1650}, volume = {7}, doi = {10.1038/ismej.2013.50} } @article{citation_3594, author = {Sara L Hermann and Saisi Xue and Logan Rowe and Elizabeth Davidson-Lowe and Andrew Myers and Bahodir Eshchanov and Christie A Bahlai}, title = {Thermally moderated firefly activity is delayed by precipitation extremes}, year = {2016}, journal = {Royal Society Open Science}, pages = {160712 }, volume = {3}, number = {12}, doi = {10.1098/rsos.160712} } @article{citation_3616, author = {Rosana Ferrero and Mauricio Lima and Adam S Davis and Jose L Gonzalez-Andujar}, title = {Weed diversity affects soybean and maize yield in a long term experiment in Michigan, USA}, year = {2017}, journal = {Frontiers in Plant Science}, pages = { 236}, volume = {8}, doi = {10.3389/fpls.2017.00236} } @article{citation_3493, author = {I Gelfand and M Cui and J Tang and G P Robertson}, title = {Short-term drought response of N2O and CO2 emissions from mesic agricultural soils in the US Midwest}, year = {2015}, journal = {Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment}, pages = {127-133}, volume = {212}, doi = {10.1016/j.agee.2015.07.005} } @article{citation_3423, author = {I Gelfand and G P Robertson}, title = {A reassessment of the contribution of soybean biological nitrogen fixation to reactive N in the environment}, year = {2015}, journal = {Biogeochemistry}, pages = {175-184}, volume = {123}, doi = {10.1007/s10533-014-0061-4} } @article{citation_3488, author = {Jeffrey D White and Stephen K Hamilton and Orlando Sarnelle}, title = {Heat-induced mass mortality of invasive zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) at sublethal water temperatures}, year = {2015}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences}, pages = {1221-1229}, volume = {72}, doi = {10.1139/cjfas-2015-0064} } @article{citation_3585, author = {Alexandra N Kravchenko and Sieglinde S Snapp and G Philip Robertson}, title = {Field-scale experiments reveal persistent yield gaps in low-input and organic cropping systems}, year = {2017}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA}, pages = {926-931}, volume = {114}, number = {5}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.1612311114} } @data{citation_3696, author = {A N Kravchenko and S S Snapp and G Philip Robertson}, title = {Data from: Field-scale experiments reveal persistent yield gaps in low-input and organic cropping systems}, year = {2017}, journal = {Dryad Digital Repository}, volume = {https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.gh90f5f}, doi = {10.5061/dryad.gh90f5f} } @article{citation_4091, author = {Matthew B Arnold and Michael Back and Michael Daniel Crowell and Nageen Farooq and Prashant Ghimire and Omon A Obarein and Kyle E Smart and Trixie Taucher and Erin VanderJeugdt and Kayla I Perry and Douglas A Landis and Christie A Bahlai}, title = {Coexistence between similar invaders: The case of two cosmopolitan exotic insects}, year = {2023}, journal = {Ecology}, pages = {e3979}, volume = {104}, number = {4}, doi = {10.1002/ecy.3979} } @article{citation_4118, author = {Lindsey R Kemmerling and Annabelle C McCarthy and Cameron S Brown and Nick M Haddad}, title = {Butterfly biodiversity increases with prairie strips and conservation management in row crop agriculture}, year = {2023}, journal = {Insect Conservation and Diversity}, pages = {828-837}, volume = {16}, doi = {10.1111/icad.12675} } @article{citation_4116, author = {Maik Lucas and J Gil and G P Robertson and N E Ostrom and A Kravchenko}, title = {Changes in soil pore structure generated by the root systems of maize, sorghum and switchgrass affect in situ N2O emissions and bacterial denitrification}, year = {2023}, journal = {Biology and Fertility of Soils}, doi = {10.1007/s00374-023-01761-1} }