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Managing Crop Risk Data (Formatted) — Social Science Studies

Data in the KBS LTER core database may not be published without written permission of the lead investigator or project director Full terms of use

Formatted survey results from the Farmer Risk assement survey.. These are the survey results in a wide fromat after reformatting the raw data with the Variable_reformatting.do script.

This datatable is part of the Managing Crop Yield Risk dataset. As farmers adapt to changing climate, they modify practices and technologies to manage evolving risk. Adaptive changes may be as small as adjusting a crop insurance coverage level or as large as investing in an irrigation system. Farmer attitudes toward risk and their subjective perceptions of the evolving probability distributions of crop yields drive adaptation decisions.
To understand climate change adaptation behavior by farmers, we undertook the study “Elicitation and Estimation of Risk Preference and Subjective Probabilities to Understand Farmer Decisions on Climate Change Adaptation.” We interviewed 44 Michigan corn and soybean farmers to elicit mathematical expressions of their risk attitudes. During the interviews, each completed two sets of lottery choices, the first using 25 general risky gambles and the second using 18 risky gambles in a crop farming context that enable econometric estimation of risk attitudes (using variants of Expected Utility Theory). Next, they answered questions about corn yield probability distributions over the past ten years and the next ten years (triangular distributions of minimum, most likely, and maximum values) with no water management, irrigation, tile drainage, and drought-resistant seed. After that, they reported on water management investments that they have made in past and intend to make in future. Finally, they provided background information about themselves and their farms.
This study (MSU Study ID: STUDY00007871) was submitted to the Michigan State University Institutional Review Board (IRB) by principal investigator Scott Swinton. On July 5, 2022, it was determined to be exempt under 45 CFR 46.104(d) 3(i)(B). Data collection took place during September 2022 through March 2023. Farmer respondents completed the survey instrument on Qualtrics with assistance from graduate students in Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics at Michigan State University at various MSU Extension offices and restaurants around southern Michigan. Respondents received lunch plus $50 for participating and a credit of $40 that could be gained or lost based on the outcome from one of the risky gambles (included to encourage truthful responses [“incentive compatibility”]).

Note

Experiment: Social Science Studies
Data available from: September 2022 to March 2023
Dataset: KBS159
Datatable ID: KBS159-001.67
Repository link:
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Last Updated 2025-04-16
Variate Description Units
id Farmer identification number
past dist lowest wo Lowest yield past 10 yr w/ no water mgmt bu/ac
past dist lowest irrig Lowest yield past 10 yr w/ irrigation bu/ac
past dist lowest drain Lowest yield past 10 yr w/ drainage tile bu/ac
past dist lowest dtseeds Lowest yield past 10 yr w/ drought-tolerant seed bu/ac
past dist mostlikely wo Most likely yield past 10 yr w/ no water mgmt bu/ac
past dist mostlikely irrig Most likely yield past 10 yr w/ irrigation bu/ac
past dist mostlikely drain Most likely yield past 10 yr w/ drainage tile bu/ac
past dist mostlikely dtseeds Most likely yield past 10 yr w/ drought-tolerant seed bu/ac
past dist highest wo Highest yield past 10 yr w/ no water mgmt bu/ac
past dist highest irrig Highest yield past 10 yr w/ irrigation bu/ac
past dist highest drain Highest yield past 10 yr w/ drainage tile bu/ac
past dist highest dtseeds Highest yield past 10 yr w/ drought-tolerant seed bu/ac
future dist lowest wo Lowest yield past 10 yr w/ no water mgmt bu/ac
future dist lowest irrig Lowest yield past 10 yr w/ irrigation bu/ac
future dist lowest drain Lowest yield past 10 yr w/ drainage tile bu/ac
future dist lowest dtseeds Lowest yield past 10 yr w/ drought-tolerant seed bu/ac
future dist mostlikely wo Most likely yield past 10 yr w/ no water mgmt bu/ac
future dist mostlikely irrig Most likely yield past 10 yr w/ irrigation bu/ac
future dist mostlikely drain Most likely yield past 10 yr w/ drainage tile bu/ac
future dist mostlikely dtseeds Most likely yield past 10 yr w/ drought-tolerant seed bu/ac
future dist highest wo Highest yield past 10 yr w/ no water mgmt bu/ac
future dist highest irrig Highest yield past 10 yr w/ irrigation bu/ac
future dist highest drain Highest yield past 10 yr w/ drainage tile bu/ac
future dist highest dtseeds Highest yield past 10 yr w/ drought-tolerant seed bu/ac
county lowest yield County’s lowest average yield past 10 years bu/ac
county mostlikely yield County’s most likely average yield past 10 years bu/ac
county highest yield County’s highest average yield past 10 years bu/ac
future corn price Average price over the next 10 years bu/ac
current practices dtseeds Whether they are currently implementing drought tolerant seeds
  • 1 - if true
current practices notill Whether they are currently implementing notill
  • 1 - if true
current practices reducedtill Whether they are currently implementing reduced tillage
  • 1 - if true
current practices covercrops Whether they are currently implementing cover crops
  • 1 - if true
current practices conservstrips Whether they are currently implementing conservation strips
  • 1 - if true
current practices filterstrips Whether they are currently implementing filter strips
  • 1 - if true
current practices test limepk Whether they are currently implementing soil tests for lime, phosphorus and pottasium
  • 1 - if true
current practices test n Whether they are currently implementing soil test for nitrogen
  • 1 - if true
current practices centerpivot Whether they are currently implementing center pivot irrigation
  • 1 - if true
current practices dripirrig Whether they are currently implementing drip irrigation
  • 1 - if true
current practices drain 20ft Whether they are currently implementing tile drainage at 20ft spacing
  • 1 - if true
current practices drain 30ft Whether they are currently implementing tile drainage at 30ft spacing
  • 1 - if true
current practices drain 40ft Whether they are currently implementing tile drainage at 40ft spacing
  • 1 - if true
current practices drain 45ft Whether they are currently implementing tile drainage at 45ft spacing
  • 1 - if true
current practices drain 50ft Whether they are currently implementing tile drainage at 50ft spacing
  • 1 - if true
current practices drain 60ft Whether they are currently implementing tile drainage at 60ft spacing
  • 1 - if true
current practices controldrain Whether they are currently implementing controlled drainage
  • 1 - if true
current practices waterrecycle Whether they are currently implementing water recycling
  • 1 - if true
temp Prediction of future temperature
  • 1 - will decrease
  • 2 - stay the same
  • 3 - increase
total precip Prediction of future total precipitation
  • 1 - will decrease
  • 2 - stay the same
  • 3 - increase
intense precip Prediction of future intensity of precipitation
  • 1 - will decrease
  • 2 - stay the same
  • 3 - increase
frequency precip Prediction of future frequency of precipitation
  • 1 - will decrease
  • 2 - stay the same
  • 3 - increase
spring precip Prediction of future spring precipitation
  • 1 - will decrease
  • 2 - stay the same
  • 3 - increase
crop change doublecrop Whether considering cropping change
  • 1 - if true
crop change earlymature Whether considering cropping change
  • 1 - if true
crop change latermature Whether considering cropping change
  • 1 - if true
crop change covercrops Whether considering cropping change
  • 1 - if true
crop change dtvarieties Whether considering cropping change
  • 1 - if true
crop change dtcrops Whether considering cropping change
  • 1 - if true
crop change fallplanted Whether considering cropping change
  • 1 - if true
crop change newcrop Whether considering cropping change
  • 1 - if true
crop change none Wether considering crop change
  • 1 - if true
w2 8 text If crop_change_newcrop = 1, please specify
prod change install centerpivot Whether considering production change
  • 1 - if true
prod change increase irrigapp Whether considering production change
  • 1 - if true
prod change install drainage Whether considering production change
  • 1 - if true
prod change increase drainage Whether considering production change
  • 1 - if true
prod change dtseeds Whether considering production change
  • 1 - if true
prod change buy cropinsur Whether considering production change
  • 1 - if true
prod change increase cropinsur Whether considering production change
  • 1 - if true
newdrainage spacing New drainage spacing in feet. The survey asked for a number, but some respondents entered text
increased drain spacing Increased drainage spacing in feet. The survey asked for a number but some respondents entered text.
concernlevel floods Concern level for floods
  • 1 - low
  • 2 - medium low
  • 3 - medium
  • 4 - medium high
  • 5 - high
concernlevel droughts Concern level for droughts
  • 1 - low
  • 2 - medium low
  • 3 - medium
  • 4 - medium high
  • 5 - high
concernlevel warmertemps Concern level for warmer temperatures
  • 1 - low
  • 2 - medium low
  • 3 - medium
  • 4 - medium high
  • 5 - high
concernlevel extremeweather Concern level for extreme weather events
  • 1 - low
  • 2 - medium low
  • 3 - medium
  • 4 - medium high
  • 5 - high
concernlevel soilerosion Concern level for soil erosion
  • 1 - low
  • 2 - medium low
  • 3 - medium
  • 4 - medium high
  • 5 - high
concernlevel pests Concern level for pest impacts
  • 1 - low
  • 2 - medium low
  • 3 - medium
  • 4 - medium high
  • 5 - high
concernlevel weeds Concern level for weed pressure
  • 1 - low
  • 2 - medium low
  • 3 - medium
  • 4 - medium high
  • 5 - high
pastweather more heavyrain Have you noticed this condition in the past
  • 1 - yes
  • 2 - no
  • 3 - not sure
pastweather highertemps Have you noticed this condition in the past
  • 1 - yes
  • 2 - no
  • 3 - not sure
pastweather longer growseason Have you noticed this condition in the past
  • 1 - yes
  • 2 - no
  • 3 - not sure
pastweather shorter growseason Have you noticed this condition in the past
  • 1 - yes
  • 2 - no
  • 3 - not sure
pastweather more droughts Have you noticed this condition in the past
  • 1 - yes
  • 2 - no
  • 3 - not sure
pastweather more heatwaves Have you noticed this condition in the past
  • 1 - yes
  • 2 - no
  • 3 - not sure
pastweather higher variability Have you noticed this condition in the past
  • 1 - yes
  • 2 - no
  • 3 - not sure
pastweather increased rainfall Have you noticed this condition in the past
  • 1 - yes
  • 2 - no
  • 3 - not sure
pastweather decreased rainfall Have you noticed this condition in the past
  • 1 - yes
  • 2 - no
  • 3 - not sure
pastweather more floods Have you noticed this condition in the past
  • 1 - yes
  • 2 - no
  • 3 - not sure
pastweather more springrain Have you noticed this condition in the past
  • 1 - yes
  • 2 - no
  • 3 - not sure
pastweather colderspring Have you noticed this condition in the past
  • 1 - yes
  • 2 - no
  • 3 - not sure
response changedspecies Have you implemented this in response to weather changes
  • 1 - if true
response changedvarieties Have you implemented this in response to weather changes
  • 1 - if true
response changedrotation Have you implemented this in response to weather changes
  • 1 - if true
response changedfertapp Have you implemented this in response to weather changes
  • 1 - if true
response changedtillage Have you implemented this in response to weather changes
  • 1 - if true
response investedirrig Have you implemented this in response to weather changes
  • 1 - if true
response investeddrain Have you implemented this in response to weather changes
  • 1 - if true
response bought cropinsur Have you implemented this in response to weather changes
  • 1 - if true
response increased cropinsur Have you implemented this in response to weather changes
  • 1 - if true
response riparian buffers Have you implemented this in response to weather changes
  • 1 - if true
response covercrops Have you implemented this in response to weather changes
  • 1 - if true
response preventedplant Have you implemented this in response to weather changes
  • 1 - if true
acres owned Acres own acre
acres rented Acres rented acre
acres rentedout Acres rented out acre
acres operated Acres owned + acres rented – acres rented out acre
county What county are most of your acres in?
soil type Most common soil type for fields
corn acres Acres of this crop planted this year acre
soybean acres Acres of this crop planted this year acre
wheat acres Acres of this crop planted this year acre
othercrop acres Acres of this crop planted this year acre
abandoned acres Abandoned more than 5 acres over past 10 years
  • 1 - if true
reasonabandoned drought Reason abandoned due to drought
  • 1 - if true
reasonabandoned flood Reason abandoned due to flooding
  • 1 - if true
reasonabandoned soilcrusting Reason abandoned due to soil crusting
  • 1 - if true
reasonabandoned disease Reason abandoned due to disease
  • 1 - if true
reasonabandoned weeds Reason abandoned due to weed problems
  • 1 - if true
reasonabandoned insect Reason abandoned due to insect problems
  • 1 - if true
reasonabandoned hail Reason abandoned due to hail damage
  • 1 - if true
reasonabandoned frost Reason abandoned due to frost
  • 1 - if true
reasonabandoned wind Reason abandoned due to wind
  • 1 - if true
reasonabandoned heat Reason abandoned due to heat
  • 1 - if true
reasonabandoned deer Reason abandoned due to deer
  • 1 - if true
reasonabandoned other Reason abandoned for other reasonse
  • 1 - if true
f5 12 text If reasonabandoned_other = 1 please specify
times abandoned Number of times abandoned
cropinsur acres Acres operated with practice acre
tiledrain acres Acres operated with practice acre
ditchdrain acres Acres operated with practice acre
centerpivot acres Acres operated with practice acre
income level Income level
  • 1 - less than $25,000
  • 2 - $25,000-$50,000
  • 3 - $50,000-$100,000
  • 4 - $100,000-$200,000
  • 5 - $200,000-$500,000
  • 6 - $500,000-$1,000,000
  • 7 - Above $1,000,000
livestock Earnings from livestock more than 5% of farm revenue
  • 1 - if true
section 179 Treated an agricultural investment as a capital expense for tax purposes
  • 1 - if true
section 179 expense type Type of investment
debt asset Debt to asset ratio
  • 9 - 0%-9%
  • 10 - 10%-24%
  • 1 - 25%-32%
  • 2 - 33%-49%
  • 3 - 50%-66%
  • 4 - 67%-74%
  • 5 - 75%-99%
  • 6 - debt equal to asset value
  • 7 - debt greater than asset value
  • 8 - prefer not to say
birth year Birth year
decisionmaker year Year became decision maker
farming years remain Years left in farming
sex Sex
  • 1 - Male
  • 2 - Female
  • 6 - Other
  • 7 - Prefer not to say
education Education level
  • 1 - less than high school
  • 2 - high school diploma
  • 3 - some college
  • 4 - associate degree
  • 5 - bachelor’s degree
  • 6 - master’s degree or higher
ethnicity Ethnicity
  • 1 - Caucasian
  • 2 - African American
  • 3 - Latino or Hispanic
  • 4 - Native American
  • 5 - Other
farm inc perc Household income percentage from farming
  • 1 - less than 25%
  • 2 - 25%-50%
  • 3 - 50%-75%
  • 4 - 75%-100%
age 2023 – birth_year
current drain Whether currently implementing any tile drainage (“current_practices_drain_” = 1)
  • 1 - if true
soil drainage Well drained soil based on answer to soil_type
  • 1 - if true
task gl lottery number
choices ab lottery chosen
  • 1 - = Lottery A chosen 0 = Lottery B chosen
payoff1a Payoff for the first outcome of lottery A for task_gl $
payoff1b Payoff for the first outcome of lottery B task_gl $
prob1a The probability of the first outcome of lottery A for task_gl
prob1b The probability of the first outcome of lottery B for task_gl
payoff2a Payoff for the second outcome of lottery A for task_gl $
payoff2b Payoff for the second outcome of lottery B for task_gl $
prob2a The probability of the second outcome of lottery A for task_gl
prob2b The probability of the second outcome of lottery B for task_gl
task cl lottery number
choice c lottery chosen
  • 1 - = Lottery CI, 0 = Lottery CN
payoffc1i Payoff for the first outcome of lottery CI for task_cl $
payoffc1n Payoff for the first outcome of lottery CN task_cl $
probc1i The probability of the first outcome of lottery CI for task_cl
probc1n The probability of the first outcome of lottery CN for task_cl
payoffc2i Payoff for the second outcome of lottery CI for task_cl $
payoffc2n Payoff for the second outcome of lottery CN for task_cl $
probc2i The probability of the second outcome of lottery CI for task_cl
probc2n The probability of the second outcome of lottery CN for task_cl
Protocols

Data Excerpt

id past_dist_lowest_wo past_dist_lowest_irrig past_dist_lowest_drain past_dist_lowest_dtseeds past_dist_mostlikely_wo past_dist_mostlikely_irrig past_dist_mostlikely_drain past_dist_mostlikely_dtseeds past_dist_highest_wo past_dist_highest_irrig past_dist_highest_drain past_dist_highest_dtseeds future_dist_lowest_wo future_dist_lowest_irrig future_dist_lowest_drain future_dist_lowest_dtseeds future_dist_mostlikely_wo future_dist_mostlikely_irrig future_dist_mostlikely_drain future_dist_mostlikely_dtseeds future_dist_highest_wo future_dist_highest_irrig future_dist_highest_drain future_dist_highest_dtseeds county_lowest_yield county_mostlikely_yield county_highest_yield future_corn_price current_practices_dtseeds current_practices_notill current_practices_reducedtill current_practices_covercrops current_practices_conservstrips current_practices_filterstrips current_practices_test_limepk current_practices_test_n current_practices_centerpivot current_practices_dripirrig current_practices_drain_20ft current_practices_drain_30ft current_practices_drain_40ft current_practices_drain_45ft current_practices_drain_50ft current_practices_drain_60ft current_practices_controldrain current_practices_waterrecycle temp total_precip intense_precip frequency_precip spring_precip crop_change_doublecrop crop_change_earlymature crop_change_latermature crop_change_covercrops crop_change_dtvarieties crop_change_dtcrops crop_change_fallplanted crop_change_newcrop crop_change_none w2_8_text prod_change_install_centerpivot prod_change_increase_irrigapp prod_change_install_drainage prod_change_increase_drainage prod_change_dtseeds prod_change_buy_cropinsur prod_change_increase_cropinsur newdrainage_spacing increased_drain_spacing concernlevel_floods concernlevel_droughts concernlevel_warmertemps concernlevel_extremeweather concernlevel_soilerosion concernlevel_pests concernlevel_weeds pastweather_more_heavyrain pastweather_highertemps pastweather_longer_growseason pastweather_shorter_growseason pastweather_more_droughts pastweather_more_heatwaves pastweather_higher_variability pastweather_increased_rainfall pastweather_decreased_rainfall pastweather_more_floods pastweather_more_springrain pastweather_colderspring response_changedspecies response_changedvarieties response_changedrotation response_changedfertapp response_changedtillage response_investedirrig response_investeddrain response_bought_cropinsur response_increased_cropinsur response_riparian_buffers response_covercrops response_preventedplant acres_owned acres_rented acres_rentedout acres_operated county soil_type corn_acres soybean_acres wheat_acres othercrop_acres abandoned_acres reasonabandoned_drought reasonabandoned_flood reasonabandoned_soilcrusting reasonabandoned_disease reasonabandoned_weeds reasonabandoned_insect reasonabandoned_hail reasonabandoned_frost reasonabandoned_wind reasonabandoned_heat reasonabandoned_deer reasonabandoned_other f5_12_text times_abandoned cropinsur_acres tiledrain_acres ditchdrain_acres centerpivot_acres income_level livestock section_179 section_179_expense_type debt_asset birth_year decisionmaker_year farming_years_remain sex education ethnicity farm_inc_perc age current_drain soil_drainage task_gl choices_ab payoff1a payoff1b prob1a prob1b payoff2a payoff2b prob2a prob2b task_cl choice_c payoffc1i payoffc1n probc1i probc1n payoffc2i payoffc2n probc2i probc2n
1 90 90 120 90 120 145 155 125 165 220 220 175 95 95 125 95 125 150 160 130 170 225 225 180 120 152 157 4.5 true false false true false true 1 true false false true true false false false false false false 2 2 2 2 1 true false false true true false false false false true false true true true true false 20 or less split the 40s into 20 4 2 2 3 1 2 4 true false false false false false false false false true true true false true false false false false true false true false true true 400 400 0 800 114 capac loam 350 450 0 0 false false false 0 0 false 0 0 false false 0 false false 800 650 0 0 4 false true tile 2 1982 2006 25 1 5 1 4 41 true false 1 true 10000 20000 0.34999999 0.30000001 90000 50000 0.64999998 0.69999999 18 true 43450 32600 0.25 0.25 44800 48000 0.75 0.75
1 90 90 120 90 120 145 155 125 165 220 220 175 95 95 125 95 125 150 160 130 170 225 225 180 120 152 157 4.5 true false false true false true 1 true false false true true false false false false false false 2 2 2 2 1 true false false true true false false false false true false true true true true false 20 or less split the 40s into 20 4 2 2 3 1 2 4 true false false false false false false false false true true true false true false false false false true false true false true true 400 400 0 800 114 capac loam 350 450 0 0 false false false 0 0 false 0 0 false false 0 false false 800 650 0 0 4 false true tile 2 1982 2006 25 1 5 1 4 41 true false 2 false 60000 70000 0.85000002 0.30000001 160000 110000 0.15000001 0.69999999 10 false 17000 16800 0.15000001 0.15000001 23000 24000 0.85000002 0.85000002
1 90 90 120 90 120 145 155 125 165 220 220 175 95 95 125 95 125 150 160 130 170 225 225 180 120 152 157 4.5 true false false true false true 1 true false false true true false false false false false false 2 2 2 2 1 true false false true true false false false false true false true true true true false 20 or less split the 40s into 20 4 2 2 3 1 2 4 true false false false false false false false false true true true false true false false false false true false true false true true 400 400 0 800 114 capac loam 350 450 0 0 false false false 0 0 false 0 0 false false 0 false false 800 650 0 0 4 false true tile 2 1982 2006 25 1 5 1 4 41 true false 3 false 20000 10000 0.80000001 0.25 80000 50000 0.2 0.75 13 true 17840 16300 0.15000001 0.15000001 23840 24000 0.85000002 0.85000002
1 90 90 120 90 120 145 155 125 165 220 220 175 95 95 125 95 125 150 160 130 170 225 225 180 120 152 157 4.5 true false false true false true 1 true false false true true false false false false false false 2 2 2 2 1 true false false true true false false false false true false true true true true false 20 or less split the 40s into 20 4 2 2 3 1 2 4 true false false false false false false false false true true true false true false false false false true false true false true true 400 400 0 800 114 capac loam 350 450 0 0 false false false 0 0 false 0 0 false false 0 false false 800 650 0 0 4 false true tile 2 1982 2006 25 1 5 1 4 41 true false 4 true 40000 80000 0.2 0.80000001 120000 150000 0.80000001 0.2 14 true 17840 16300 0.25 0.25 23840 24000 0.75 0.75
1 90 90 120 90 120 145 155 125 165 220 220 175 95 95 125 95 125 150 160 130 170 225 225 180 120 152 157 4.5 true false false true false true 1 true false false true true false false false false false false 2 2 2 2 1 true false false true true false false false false true false true true true true false 20 or less split the 40s into 20 4 2 2 3 1 2 4 true false false false false false false false false true true true false true false false false false true false true false true true 400 400 0 800 114 capac loam 350 450 0 0 false false false 0 0 false 0 0 false false 0 false false 800 650 0 0 4 false true tile 2 1982 2006 25 1 5 1 4 41 true false 5 true 10000 15000 0.34999999 0.30000001 40000 25000 0.64999998 0.69999999 18 true 43450 32600 0.25 0.25 44800 48000 0.75 0.75
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